Upper-Limb Motor Intervention Elements That Drive Improvement in Biomarkers and Clinical Measures Post-Stroke: A Systematic Review in a Systems Paradigm

Abstract

Objective: To use a systems paradigm to examine upper limb (UL) motor intervention elements driving biomarker and clinical measure improvement after stroke. Methods: Databases were searched up to March 2022. Eligibility screening was completed by 2 authors. Studies using biomarkers and clinical measures pre- and post-upper limb intervention were included. Studies of adjunct interventions (eg, brain stimulation) were excluded. Cochrane Risk-of-Bias tools and Template for Intervention Description and Replication were used to rate studies. Studies were synthesized using a systems paradigm: intervention outcome was considered an emergent property of the systemic interactions of 4 intervention el..